{"id":14455,"date":"2024-04-29T11:11:21","date_gmt":"2024-04-29T09:11:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/blog\/dyeing-by-steam-pad-steam-and-by-air-thermosol\/"},"modified":"2024-04-29T11:57:33","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T09:57:33","slug":"dyeing-by-steam-pad-steam-and-by-air-thermosol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/en\/dyeing-by-steam-pad-steam-and-by-air-thermosol\/","title":{"rendered":"Dyeing by steam (Pad-steam) and by air (Thermosol)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally, a fiber can be dyed either by substrate impregnation (mechanical adsorption of the dye onto the fiber) or through chemical affinity between the dye and the fiber.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>THERMOSOL PROCESS<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Thermosol process is a continuous dyeing process based on the mechanical adsorption of the dye onto the fiber, where insoluble dyes and pigments are deposited onto the fiber.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This process can be divided into 4 well-defined steps:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Color impregnation in the bath.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre-drying.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thermofixation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drying.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>1. Color impregnation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During this process, the fabric is submerged in the dye bath and then squeezed in a foulard at a known pressure, which determines the amount of dye the textile will have throughout the process and also allows for adjusting the fabric&#8217;s absorption.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher applied pressure leads to lower absorption.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For effective and uniform color impregnation across the textile, its quality is crucial, as it must maintain homogeneous hydrophilic conditions throughout.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dye bath conditions, such as pH and bath ratio, are also vital. The bath ratio is defined as the amount of dye per total liters of prepared dye.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.Pre-drying<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the fabric is impregnated, pre-drying occurs, during which the fabric reaches a temperature between 80-90\u00b0C. The primary goal is to increase dye diffusion into the fabric.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It&#8217;s crucial for the fabric to leave the pre-drying stage with homogeneous humidity and temperature conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-us_350_350_crop wp-image-2130\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8650-350x350.jpg\" alt=\"MAN_8650\" width=\"350\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8650-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8650-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8650-600x600.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><br \/>\n3. Thermofixation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thermofixation involves subjecting the fiber to a temperature between 160 and 210\u00b0C for a set time. This step is where the dye is fixed to the fiber.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For proper fabric dyeing, three stages occur:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dye diffusion to the fiber surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dye adsorption by the fiber surface. The amount of material adsorbed depends on the temperature, adsorbate quantity, and available surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dye diffusion from the fiber surface to the interior. In this final phase, the geometry and volume of dye molecules, as well as the temperature applied in the process and the residence time within the chamber, are crucial.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4.Washing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the dye is fixed onto the fiber, excess dye and other unused dyeing auxiliaries remaining on the already thermofixed fabric need to be removed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this, a washing line with reducing baths is used to eliminate excess dye and ensure good rubbing fastness of the finished product.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>5.Drying<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The final part of the process involves drying the fabric in a hot air convection chamber at a temperature around 100-110\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>PAD-STREAM PROCESS<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Pad-Steam process is a continuous dyeing process where the dye attaches to the fiber through a chemical bond. This process can be divided into 3 well-defined steps:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Color impregnation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dye fixation using steam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drying.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>1.Color impregnation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar to the Thermosol process, in this stage, the fabric is submerged in the dye bath and then squeezed in a foulard at a known pressure. This determines the amount of dye the textile will have throughout the process and allows for adjusting the fabric&#8217;s absorption.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Fijaci\u00f3n del color mediante vapor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After impregnation and draining, the fabric is placed in a steam chamber where the chemical reaction that fixes the dye to the fiber occurs, either through an ionic or covalent bond depending on the dye type used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To reach the required reaction temperature, the chamber is heated using saturated steam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using saturated steam aims to achieve maximum dye penetration and penetration of other involved chemicals into the fiber, preventing them from drying on the surface and causing stains on the fabric.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-us_350_350_crop wp-image-2129\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8621-350x350.jpg\" alt=\"MAN_8621\" width=\"350\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8621-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8621-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.manubens.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/MAN_8621-600x600.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, it&#8217;s crucial for the steam chamber to maintain constant steam percentage and an absence of air during this process to achieve maximum dye penetration. Additionally, suitable pH and temperature conditions are necessary to promote the bond between the fiber and the dye.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>3.Washing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, after color fixation in the steam chamber, that is, once the dye&#8217;s reaction with the fiber is complete, unfixed dyes need to be removed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These include both dyes that haven&#8217;t reacted and those that have hydrolyzed during the process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other chemicals used to facilitate the reaction also need to be removed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To eliminate these, a washing line is used at the steam chamber&#8217;s exit, as these unfixed products are weakly trapped inside the fiber through weak interactions that can easily desorb during washes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This part of the process is crucial to enhance the finished product&#8217;s fastness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>4.Drying<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The final part of the process involves drying the fabric in a hot air convection chamber, at a temperature ranging between 100 and 110\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Generally, a fiber can be dyed either by substrate impregnation (mechanical adsorption of the dye onto the fiber) or through chemical affinity between the dye and the fiber. &nbsp; THERMOSOL PROCESS The Thermosol process is a continuous dyeing process based on the mechanical adsorption of the dye onto the fiber, where insoluble dyes and pigments&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3105,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technical-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dyeing by steam (Pad-steam) and by air (Thermosol)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Generally, a fiber can be dyed either by substrate impregnation (mechanical adsorption of the dye onto the fiber) or through chemical affinity between the dye and the fiber.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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